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(31) Summary of Background Data. It is well known that cervical malalignment after occipito-cervicothoracic fusion may cause dysphagia or, rarely, dyspnea.

(32) Summary of Background Data. The limited literature on the treatment of cervical hyperextension has good to excellent outcomes.

(33) Summary of Background Data. Surgical options for PVO vary, as do their outcomes, and can be complicated by recurrence, pseudarthrosis, and death.

(34) Summary of Background Data . Current concepts of spinal sagittal balance center on the plumb line.

(35) Summary and Background Data. Injury to the lumbar artery or aorta may occur during lumbar disc surgery.

(36) Summary of Background Data. Extension of an existing idiopathic scoliosis fusion to the sacrum for distal degeneration or sagittal imbalance has been associated with a high rate of pseudarthrosis.

(37) Summary of Background Data. Surgeons have applied several techniques for craniocervical and atlantoaxial spondylodesis to address congenital or developmental abnormalities in children.

(38) This image is a composite of clouds from GOES merged with background data of the land surface from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS).

(39) Summary of Background Data. Intradural lumbar disc rupture is an uncommon and serious complication, particularly if it develops as an acute traumatic lesion.

(40) Summary of Background Data. The incidence of the adjacent and the nonadjacent, remote level subsequent vertebral fractures after lumbar spinal fusion is not well described in the literature.

(41) Summary of Background Data. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are prevalent in the general population; however, the relationship between these conditions and LBP is controversial.

(42) Summary of Background Data . Asymptomatic epidural hematoma is common after lumbar surgery.

(43) Summary of Background Data. Hydatid cyst is a disease caused by larval Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. Spinal hydatid cyst rarely leads to severe neurologic problems.

(44) Summary of Background Data. Cosmetic truncal and pelvic distortions are of important concern to patients with AIS.

(45) Summary of Background Data. Burst fractures of L 5 represent aery small proportion of all spinal injuries.

(46) Summary of Background Data. Human MSC are multipotent mesenchymal adult stem cells that have a potential for autologous transplantation, obviating the need for immune suppression.

(47) Summary of Background Data. Osteochondroma is the most common primary benign bone tumor.

(48) Summary of Background Data. The effects of flexion and extension on spinal canal diameters and DCSA are well documented.

(49) Summary of Background Data. Compared with conventional open PLIF[sentencedict.com], mini-open PLIF using a paramedian approach reduces intraoperative hemorrhage and decreases postoperative back pain.

(50) Summary of Background Data. OI is a rare genetic collagen disorder that is characterized by bone fragility and ligamentous laxity.

(51) Summary of Background Data Curative treatment of osteoid osteomas entails complete intralesional excision of the nidus.

(52) Summary of Background Data. Fusion procedures have been associated with adjacent level morbidities and facet joint pathologies in a considerable number of patients.

(53) Summary of Background Data . Bacteria hae been cultured from intervertebral discs of patients with sciatica.

(54) Summary of Background Data. Ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) in the lumbar region causing neurologic impairment is a rare pathologic entity described mainly in Japanese literature.sentencedict.com

(55) Summary of Background Data. Correct intraoperative localization of intradural spinal tumors as well as tailored dural opening is essential in surgery and can be demanding in some instances.

(56) Summary of Background Data. Systematic reviews suggest that cyclo- oxygenase - 2 inhibitors are an effective treatment for acute postoperative pain.

(57) Summary of Background Data. The management of unilateral subaxial cervical facet fractures and dislocations lacks agreement on treatment options and the variables that influence outcome.

(58) Summary of Background Data. Neurologic deficit is one of the risks of surgical correction of scoliosis.

(59) Summary of Background Data. The morphometry of L5 has been studied to help the introduction of pedicular screws.

(60) Summary of Background Data . Halo orthosis is a commonly used, well - tolerated spinal stabilizing device.